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| Evolution of Management Systems ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
Evolution of Management Systems
''Bold text''A management system is the framework of processes and procedures used to ensure that an organization can fulfill all tasks required to achieve its objectives.
After World War II, the reigning paradigm of product-oriented mass production had reached its peak. Examples of management systems at that time are linear assembly lines, organizational hierarchies of command, product quality control and mass consumption.
Soon afterwards, the Deming-Juran process-quality teachings spearheaded a new quality orientation (later referred to as Total quality management) and propelled Japan directly to the post-war process focus (process quality control, just-in-time, continuous improvement).〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Deming And Juran: The Kings Of Quality )〕 The US responded by a painful and prolonged product-to-process transformation, ultimately leveling the playing field again by the mid 1980s.
At the end of the 1980s, business process reengineering focused on the radical redesign of the production process through the reintegration of task, labor and knowledge. As a result, lean, flexible and streamlined production processes were created, capable of fast response and internet-based integration necessary for the upcoming phase of supply chains - business-to-business (B2B) – as well as demand chains – business-to-customer (B2C).〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=The Evolution of Management )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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